Behavioural Science and Systemic Risk

Behavioural Science and Systemic Risk 

Professor Liam Delaney,

London School of Economics and Political Science 

This set of sessions examine human behaviour issues in the context of systemic risks. The sessions begin with an introduction to principles of behavioural science, including addressing the role of behavioural science in interdisciplinary crisis response, ethical issues, models of risk and resilience, and concepts of human well-being and welfare. The second section is structured as a series of discussions of the role of human behaviour in a number of key systemic risks. Participants are asked to read the key readings in their assigned domain of risk and discuss them in break-out sessions, in particular reflecting on a series of key questions deriving from the first section. The third section examines cross-cutting features across the different risk areas. These sessions can be conducted in a range of formats a) A 5 or 10 credit student module delivered to either a single Department specialising in behavioural science or as a primer for students across the university b) A summer school session aimed at students or researchers in behavioural science c) A one-day workshop aimed at people working in each of the areas to facilitate greater interaction with behavioural science and readiness for dealing with behavioural issues in these risk areas. 

Risk Registers:

UK National Risk Register 2020 

National Risk Assessment for Ireland 2020

Irish National Risk Assessment 2019

World Economic Forum: The Global Risks Report 2021

Section 1: Behavioural Science and Risk Overview

Behavioural Change Models and Models of Interdisciplinary Expertise 

Hollands, G. J., Bignardi, G., Johnston, M., Kelly, M. P., Ogilvie, D., Petticrew, M., ... & Marteau, T. M. (2017). The TIPPME intervention typology for changing environments to change behaviour. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(8), 1-9.

Michie, S., Van Stralen, M. M., & West, R. (2011). The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation science, 6(1), 42.

Behavioural Science and Public Policy 

Dolan, P., Hallsworth, M., Halpern, D., King, D., & Vlaev, I. (2010). MINDSPACE: influencing behaviour for public policy.  Institute of Government, London, UK. Retrieved from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/35792/

West, R., Michie, S., Atkins, L., Chadwick, P., & Lorencatto, F. (2019). Achieving behaviour change: A guide for local government and partners. Public Health England. Retrieved from: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/behaviour-change/sites/behaviour-change/files/phebi_achieving_behaviour_change_local_government.pdf

Ethics of mass behavioural change 

Alemanno, A., & Sibony, A. L. (Eds.). (2015). Nudge and the law: A European perspective. Bloomsbury Publishing. 

Bovens, L. (2009). The ethics of nudge. In Preference change (pp. 207-219). Springer, Dordrecht.

Fischer, M., & Lotz, S. (2014). Is soft paternalism ethically legitimate?–The relevance of psychological processes for the assessment of nudge-based policies. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.

John, P. (2018). How far to nudge?: assessing behavioural public policy. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Lades, L. K., & Delaney, L. (2019). Nudge FORGOOD. Behavioural Public Policy, 1-20.

Lepenies, R., & Małecka, M. (2019). The ethics of behavioural public policy. The Routledge Handbook of Ethics and Public Policy. London, UK and New York, NY: Routledge, 513-525.

Menard, J. F. (2010). A ‘nudge’ for public health ethics: libertarian paternalism as a framework for ethical analysis of public health interventions?. Public Health Ethics, 3(3), 229-238.

Schubert, C. (2017). Green nudges: Do they work? Are they ethical?. Ecological Economics, 132, 329-342.

Sunstein, C. R. (2015). Nudging and choice architecture: Ethical considerations. Yale Journal on Regulation, Forthcoming.

Sunstein, C. R. (2016). Nudging health: Health law and behavioral economics. JHU Press.

Sunstein, C. R. (2016). The ethics of influence: Government in the age of behavioral science. Cambridge University Press.

Systemic Risk and Resilience

Butler, L., Morland, L., & Leskin, G. (2007). Psychological resilience in the face of terrorism. Psychology of terrorism, 400-417.

Drury, J. (2012). 11 Collective resilience in mass emergencies and disasters. The social cure: Identity, health and well-being, 195.

Drury, J., Carter, H., Cocking, C., Ntontis, E., Tekin Guven, S., & Amlôt, R. (2019). Facilitating collective resilience in the public in emergencies: Twelve recommendations based on the social identity approach. Frontiers in public health, 7, 141.

Drury, J., Cocking, C., & Reicher, S. (2009). The nature of collective resilience: Survivor reactions to the 2005 London bombings. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 27(1), 66-95.

Drury, J., Novelli, D., & Stott, C. (2013). Representing crowd behaviour in emergency planning guidance: mass panic or collective resilience?. Resilience, 1(1), 18-37.

Liu, J. J., Reed, M., & Girard, T. A. (2017). Advancing resilience: An integrative, multi-system model of resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 111-118.

Longstaff, P. H., & Yang, S. U. (2008). Communication management and trust: their role in building resilience to “surprises” such as natural disasters, pandemic flu, and terrorism. Ecology and Society, 13(1).

Masten, A. S., & Narayan, A. J. (2012). Child development in the context of disaster, war, and terrorism: Pathways of risk and resilience. Annual review of psychology, 63, 227-257.

Manyena, S. B. (2006). The concept of resilience revisited. Disasters, 30(4), 434-450.

Mawson, A. R. (2005). Understanding mass panic and other collective responses to threat and disaster. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and biological processes, 68(2), 95-113.

Mawson, A. R. (2017). Mass panic and social attachment: The dynamics of human behavior. Routledge.

Pfefferbaum, B. J., Reissman, D. B., Pfefferbaum, R. L., Klomp, R. W., & Gurwitch, R. H. (2008). Building resilience to mass trauma events. In Handbook of injury and violence prevention (pp. 347-358). Springer, Boston, MA.

Williams, R., & Drury, J. (2009). Psychosocial resilience and its influence on managing mass emergencies and disasters. Psychiatry, 8(8), 293-296.

Risk Perception and Risk Communication 

Fischhoff, B., Bostrom, A., & Quadrel, M. J. (1993). Risk perception and communication. Annual review of public health, 14(1), 183-203.

Glik, D. C. (2007). Risk communication for public health emergencies. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 28, 33-54.

Lundgren, R. E., & McMakin, A. H. (2018). Risk communication: A handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks. John Wiley & Sons.

Morgan, M. G., Fischhoff, B., Bostrom, A., & Atman, C. J. (2002). Risk communication: A mental models approach. Cambridge University Press.

Renn, O., & Levine, D. (1991). Credibility and trust in risk communication. In Communicating risks to the public (pp. 175-217). Springer, Dordrecht.

Reynolds, B., & Seeger, M. W. (2005). Crisis and emergency risk communication as an integrative model. Journal of health communication, 10(1), 43-55.

Seeger, M. W., Reynolds, B., & Sellnow, T. L. (2010). Crisis and emergency risk communication in health contexts: Applying the CDC model to pandemic influenza. In Handbook of risk and crisis communication (pp. 505-518). Routledge.

World Health Organization. (2017). Communicating risk in public health emergencies: a WHO guideline for emergency risk communication (ERC) policy and practice. World Health Organization.

Wellbeing and welfare 

Section 2: Major Systemic Risks: Behavioural Issues 

Major Pandemics 

Adlhoch, C., Baka, A., Ciotti, M., Gomes, J., Kinsman, J., Leitmeyer, K., ... & Riley, P. Considerations relating to social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 epidemic. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.Second Update: Stockholm. Retrieved from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/covid-19-social-distancing-measuresg-guide-second-update.pdf

Anderson, R. M., Heesterbeek, H., Klinkenberg, D., & Hollingsworth, T. D. (2020). How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?. The Lancet, 395(10228), 931-934.

Bish, A., & Michie, S. (2010). Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: a review. British journal of health psychology, 15(4), 797-824.

Bonell, C., Michie, S., Reicher, S., West, R., Bear, L., Yardley, L., ... & Rubin, G. J. (2020). Harnessing behavioural science in public health campaigns to maintain ‘social distancing’ in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: key principles. J Epidemiol Community Health.

Brug, J., Aro, A. R., & Richardus, J. H. (2009). Risk perceptions and behaviour: towards pandemic control of emerging infectious diseases. International Research on Risk Perception in the Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3 (16). 

Cialdini, R., & Goldestein, N. (2004). Social Influence: Compliance and Conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55 (1), 591-621. 

Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C. M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L., ... & Scala, A. (2020). The covid-19 social media infodemic. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.05004.

Dryhurst, S., Schneider, C. R., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L., Recchia, G., Van Der Bles, A. M., ... & van der Linden, S. (2020). Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world. Journal of Risk Research, 1-13.

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2020). Guidelines for the use of non-pharmaceutical measures to delay and mitigate the impact of 2019-nCoV. Stockholm: ECDC.

Hollands, G. J., Shemilt, I., Marteau, T. M., Jebb, S. A., Kelly, M. P., Nakamura, R., ... & Ogilvie, D. (2013). Altering micro-environments to change population health behaviour: towards an evidence base for choice architecture interventions. BMC public health, 13(1), 1-6.

Jones, S. C., Iverson, D., Sutherland, M., Puplick, C., Gold, J., Waters, L., & Berends, L. (2015). Preparation without panic: A comprehensive social marketing approach to planning for a potential pandemic. In Innovations in Social Marketing and Public Health Communication (pp. 227-247). Springer, Cham.

Lades, L., Laffan, K., Daly, M., & Delaney, L. (2020). Daily emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology.

Lunn, P. D., Belton, C. A., Lavin, C., McGowan, F. P., Timmons, S., & Robertson, D. A. (2020). Using Behavioral Science to help fight the Coronavirus. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 3(1).

Lunn, P. D., Timmons, S., Belton, C. A., Barjahova, M., Julienn, H., & Lavin, C. (2020). Motivating social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic: An online experiment. ESRI Working Paper No. 658 April 2020.

Perski, O., Simons, D., West, R., & Michie, S. (2020). Face masks to prevent community transmission of viral respiratory infections: A rapid evidence review using Bayesian analysis. Qeios.

Pfattheicher, S., Nockur, L., Böhm, R., Sassenrath, C. & Petersen, M.B., 2020. The emotional path to action: Empathy promotes physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Redelmeier, D. A., & Shafir, E. (2020). Pitfalls of judgment during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Public Health, 5(6). 

Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., ... & Drury, J. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 1-12.

Verelst, F., Willem, L., & Beutels, P. (2016). Behavioural change models for infectious disease transmission: a systematic review (2010–2015). Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 13(125), 20160820.

Webster, R. K., Brooks, S. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). How to improve adherence with quarantine: Rapid review of the evidence. Public Health.

 Financial Crisis

Akerlof, G. A., & Shiller, R. J. (2010). Animal spirits: How human psychology drives the economy, and why it matters for global capitalism. Princeton university press.

Belás, J., Bartoš, P., Ključnikov, A., & Doležal, J. (2015). Risk perception differences between micro-, small and medium enterprises. Journal of International Studies.

Bracha, A., & Weber, E. U. (2012). A psychological perspective of financial panic. FRB of Boston Public Policy Discussion Paper, (12-7).  

Bontempo, R. N., Bottom, W. P., & Weber, E. U. (1997). Cross‐cultural differences in risk perception: A model‐based approach. Risk analysis, 17(4), 479-488.

Duxbury, D., & Summers, B. (2004). Financial risk perception: Are individuals variance averse or loss averse?. Economics Letters, 84(1), 21-28.

Gärling, T., Kirchler, E., Lewis, A., & Van Raaij, F. (2009). Psychology, financial decision making, and financial crises. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 10(1), 1-47.

Gilliam, J., Chatterjee, S., & Grable, J. (2010). Measuring the perception of financial risk tolerance: A tale of two measures. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 21(2).

Holtgrave, D. R., & Weber, E. U. (1993). Dimensions of risk perception for financial and health risks. Risk analysis, 13(5), 553-558.

Lucarelli, C., Uberti, P., & Brighetti, G. (2015). Misclassifications in financial risk tolerance. Journal of Risk Research, 18(4), 467-482.

Mihai‐Yiannaki, S., Stokes, P., & Yiannaki, S. M. (2012). A systemic risk management model for SMEs under financial crisis. International Journal of Organizational Analysis.

Malhotra, N., & Margalit, Y. (2010). Short-term communication effects or longstanding dispositions? The public’s response to the financial crisis of 2008. The Journal of Politics, 72(3), 852-867.

Neace, W. P., Deer, K., Michaud, S., & Bolling, L. (2011). Uncertainty is psychologically uncomfortable: A theoretic framework for studying judgments and decision making under uncertainty and risk. In Advances in Entrepreneurial Finance (pp. 93-117). Springer, New York, NY.

Nguyen, L., Gallery, G., & Newton, C. (2019). The joint influence of financial risk perception and risk tolerance on individual investment decision‐making. Accounting & Finance, 59, 747-771.

Olsen, R. A. (2011). Financial risk perceptions: a behavioral perspective. In Advances in Entrepreneurial Finance (pp. 45-67). Springer, New York, NY.

Probohudono, A. N., Tower, G., & Rusmin, R. (2013). Risk disclosure during the global financial crisis. Social Responsibility Journal.

Ricciardi, V. (2004). A risk perception primer: A narrative research review of the risk perception literature in behavioral accounting and behavioral finance. Available at SSRN 566802.

Roszkowski, M. J., & Davey, G. (2010). Risk perception and risk tolerance changes attributable to the 2008 economic crisis: A subtle but critical difference. Journal of financial service professionals, 64(4), 42-53.

Shiller, R. J. (2019). Narrative economics: How stories go viral and drive major economic events. Princeton University Press.

Singh, D., & LaBrosse, J. R. (2011). Developing a framework for effective financial crisis management. Financial Market Trends, 2011(2).

Villar Burke, J. (2016). Weathering the Storm: The Financial Crisis and the EU Response, Volume II: The Response to the Crisis: Chapter 4.

Vlaev, I., Chater 1, N., & Stewart, N. (2009). Dimensionality of risk perception: Factors affecting consumer understanding and evaluation of financial risk. The journal of behavioral Finance, 10(3), 158-181.

Climate Change and Biodiversity

Chambwera, M., et al (2014) Economics of Adaptation. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., et al (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK pp. 945-977.

Desmond, M. (2018). National Preparedness to Adapt to Climate Change: Analysis of State of Play.

Desmond, M., O'Brien, P., & McGovern, F. (2009). A summary of the state of knowledge on climate change impacts for Ireland. EPA.

Environment Protection Agency. (2020). Enhancing the Integration of Disaster Risk and Climate Change Adaptation into Irish Emergency Planning. Available at: https://www.marei.ie/project/enhancing-the-integration-of-disaster-risk-and-climate-change-adaptation-in-irish-emergency-planning/ 

Evans, G. W. (2019). Projected behavioral impacts of global climate change. Annual review of psychology, 70, 449-474.

Grothmann, T., & Patt, A. (2005). Adaptive capacity and human cognition: the process of individual adaptation to climate change. Global environmental change, 15(3), 199-213.

Grothmann, T., Grecksch, K., Winges, M., & Siebenhüner, B. (2013). Assessing institutional capacities to adapt to climate change: Integrating psychological dimensions in the adaptive capacity wheel. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13, 3369–3384. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-3369-2013

Howlett, M., & Rawat, S. (2019). Behavioral Science and Climate Policy. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science.

Hügel, S., & Davies, A. R. (2020). Public participation, engagement, and climate change adaptation: A review of the research literature. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, e645.

Marx, S. M., Weber, E. U., Orlove, B. S., Leiserowitz, A., Krantz, D. H., Roncoli, C., & Phillips, J. (2007). Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information. Global Environmental Change, 17(1), 47-58.

Mitter, H., Larcher, M., Schönhart, M., Stöttinger, M., & Schmid, E. (2019). Exploring farmers’ climate change perceptions and adaptation intentions: Empirical evidence from Austria. Environmental management, 63(6), 804-821.

Mortreux, C., & Barnett, J. (2017). Adaptive capacity: Exploring the research frontier. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 8(4), e467.

Semenza, J. C., Hall, D. E., Wilson, D. J., Bontempo, B. D., Sailor, D. J., & George, L. A. (2008). Public perception of climate change: voluntary mitigation and barriers to behavior change. American journal of preventive medicine, 35(5), 479-487.

Siders, A.R (2019) Adaptive capacity to climate change: A synthesis of concepts, methods, and findings in a fragmented field by Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Climate change, 2019, Volume 10, Issue 3

Van der Linden, S. (2015). The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: Towards a comprehensive model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 112-124.

Wirth, V., Prutsch, A., & Grothmann, T. (2014). Communicating climate change adaptation. State of the art and lessons learned from ten OECD countries. GAIA-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 23(1), 30-39.

Water conservation 

Brick, K., De, S., & Visser, M. M. (2017). Behavioural nudges for water conservation: Experimental evidence from Cape Town. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323255576_Behavioural_Nudges_for_Water_Conservation_Experimental_Evidence_from_Cape_Town

Datta, S., Miranda, J. J., Zoratto, L., Calvo-González, O., Darling, M., & Lorenzana, K. (2015). A behavioral approach to water conservation: evidence from Costa Rica. The World Bank.

Koop, S.H.A; Van Dorssen, A.J; Brouwer, S (2019) Enhancing domestic water conservation behaviour: A review of empirical studies on influencing tactics Journal of environmental management, 2019, Volume 247

Flooding 

Grothmann, T., & Reusswig, F. (2006). People at risk of flooding: why some residents take precautionary action while others do not. Natural hazards, 38(1-2), 101-120.

Siders, A. R. (2019). Managed retreat in the United States. One Earth, 1(2), 216-225.

Valente, S., & Veloso-Gomes, F. (2020). Coastal climate adaptation in port-cities: adaptation deficits, barriers, and challenges ahead. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 63(3), 389-414.

Valois, P., Caron, M., Gousse-Lessard, A. S., Talbot, D., & Renaud, J. S. (2019). Development and validation of five behavioral indices of flood adaptation. BMC public health, 19(1), 245.

Nuclear Contamination

Argyris, N., & French, S. (2017). Nuclear emergency decision support: A behavioural OR perspective. European Journal of Operational Research, 262(1), 180-193.

Dodgen, D., Norwood, A. E., Becker, S. M., Perez, J. T., & Hansen, C. K. (2011). Social, psychological, and behavioral responses to a nuclear detonation in a US city: implications for health care planning and delivery. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 5(S1), S54-S64.

Fahlquist, J. N., & Roeser, S. (2015). Nuclear energy, responsible risk communication and moral emotions: a three level framework. Journal of Risk Research, 18(3), 333-346.

National Security Staff Interagency Policy Coordination Subcommittee for Preparedness and Response to Radiological and Nuclear Threats. (2010). Planning guidance for response to a nuclear detonation.

Sohn, K. Y., Yang, J. W., & Kang, C. S. (2001). Assimilation of public opinions in nuclear decision-making using risk perception. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 28(6), 553-563.

Perko, T. (2011). Importance of risk communication during and after a nuclear accident. Integrated environmental assessment and management, 7(3), 388-392.

Williams, B. L., Brown, S., Greenberg, M., & Kahn, M. A. (1999). Risk perception in context: The Savannah River site stakeholder study. Risk Analysis, 19(6), 1019-1035.

Cyber Security 

Bada, M., Sasse, A. M., & Nurse, J. R. (2019). Cyber security awareness campaigns: Why do they fail to change behaviour?. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.02672.

Coventry, L., Briggs, P., Blythe, J., & Tran, M. (2014). Using behavioural insights to improve the public’s use of cyber security best practices. Gov. UK report.

Coventry, L., Briggs, P., Jeske, D., & van Moorsel, A. (2014, June). SCENE: A structured means for creating and evaluating behavioral nudges in a cyber security environment. In International conference of design, user experience, and usability (pp. 229-239). Springer, Cham.

Dunn, M. (2005). The socio-political dimensions of critical information infrastructure protection (CIIP). International Journal of Critical Infrastructures, 1(2-3), 258-268.

Hofstede, G. (2009). Geert Hofstede cultural dimensions.

Jenkins, J. L., Grimes, M., Proudfoot, J. G., & Lowry, P. B. (2014). Improving password cybersecurity through inexpensive and minimally invasive means: Detecting and deterring password reuse through keystroke-dynamics monitoring and just-in-time fear appeals. Information Technology for Development, 20(2), 196-213.

Mohammed, S., & Apeh, E. (2016, December). A model for social engineering awareness programs for schools. In 2016 10th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management & Applications (SKIMA) (pp. 392-397). IEEE.

Pfleeger, S. L., & Caputo, D. D. (2012). Leveraging behavioral science to mitigate cyber security risk. Computers & security, 31(4), 597-611.

Tiirmaa-Klaar, H. (2016). Building national cyber resilience and protecting critical information infrastructure. Journal of Cyber Policy, 1(1), 94-106.

van Bavel, R., Rodríguez-Priego, N., Vila, J., & Briggs, P. (2019). Using protection motivation theory in the design of nudges to improve online security behavior. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 123, 29-39.

Van Schaik, P., Jansen, J., Onibokun, J., Camp, J., & Kusev, P. (2018). Security and privacy in online social networking: Risk perceptions and precautionary behaviour. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 283-297.

Terrorist Incidents and Armed Conflicts 

Caponecchia, C. (2012). Relative risk perception for terrorism: Implications for preparedness and risk communication. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 32(9), 1524-1534.

Clark, A. E., Doyle, O., & Stancanelli, E. (2020). The Impact of Terrorism on Individual Well-being: Evidence from the Boston Marathon Bombing. The Economic Journal.

Martin, S. D., Bush, A. C., & Lynch, J. A. (2006). A national survey of terrorism preparedness training among pediatric, family practice, and emergency medicine programs. Pediatrics, 118(3), e620-e626.

Miller, G. T., Scott, J. A., Issenberg, S. B., Petrusa, E. R., Brotons, A. A., Gordon, D. L., ... & Gordon, M. S. (2006). Development, Implementation and Outcomes of a Training Program for Responders to Acts of Terrorism. Prehospital Emergency Care, 10(2), 239-246.

Omand, D. (2005). Countering international terrorism: the use of strategy. Survival, 47(4), 107-116.

Rogers, M. B., Amlôt, R., Rubin, G. J., Wessely, S., & Krieger, K. (2007). Mediating the social and psychological impacts of terrorist attacks: The role of risk perception and risk communication. International review of psychiatry, 19(3), 279-288.

Shiloh, S., Güvenç, G., & Önkal, D. (2007). Cognitive and emotional representations of terror attacks: A cross‐cultural exploration. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 27(2), 397-409.

Wood, M. M., Mileti, D. S., Kano, M., Kelley, M. M., Regan, R., & Bourque, L. B. (2012). Communicating actionable risk for terrorism and other hazards⋆. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 32(4), 601-615.

Wray, R. J., Kreuter, M. W., Jacobsen, H., Clements, B., & Evans, R. G. (2004). Theoretical perspectives on public communication preparedness for terrorist attacks. Family & community health, 27(3), 232-241.

Natural Disasters

Baker, S. M. (2009). Vulnerability and resilience in natural disasters: A marketing and public policy perspective. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 28(1), 114-123.

Chandra, A., Acosta, J., Howard, S., Uscher-Pines, L., Williams, M., Yeung, D., ... & Meredith, L. S. (2011). Building community resilience to disasters: A way forward to enhance national health security. Rand health quarterly, 1(1).

Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global environmental change, 18(4), 598-606.

Eisenman, D. P., Cordasco, K. M., Asch, S., Golden, J. F., & Glik, D. (2007). Disaster planning and risk communication with vulnerable communities: lessons from Hurricane Katrina. American journal of public health, 97(Supplement_1), S109-S115.

Finch, K. C., Snook, K. R., Duke, C. H., Fu, K. W., Tse, Z. T. H., Adhikari, A., & Fung, I. C. H. (2016). Public health implications of social media use during natural disasters, environmental disasters, and other environmental concerns. Natural Hazards, 83(1), 729-760.

Houston, J. B., Pfefferbaum, B., & Rosenholtz, C. E. (2012). Disaster news: Framing and frame changing in coverage of major US natural disasters, 2000–2010. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 89(4), 606-623.

Nuttman-Shwartz, O. (2019). Behavioral responses in youth exposed to natural disasters and political conflict. Current psychiatry reports, 21(6), 42.

Peters, E. (2017). Overcoming innumeracy and the use of heuristics when communicating science. The Oxford Handbook of the Science of Science Communication, 389.

Reser, J. P., Bradley, G. L., Glendon, A. I., Ellul, M. C., & Callaghan, R. (2012). Public risk perceptions, understandings and responses to climate change and natural disasters in Australia, 2010 and 2011 (p. 246). Gold Coast: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility.

Västfjäll, D., Peters, E., & Slovic, P. (2008). Affect, risk perception and future optimism after the tsunami disaster. Judgment and Decision Making, 3(1), 64-72.

Yin, J., Lampert, A., Cameron, M., Robinson, B., & Power, R. (2012). Using social media to enhance emergency situation awareness. IEEE intelligent systems, (6), 52-59.

Constitutional Change (Liam) 

Antimicrobial Resistance 

Chaintarli, K., Ingle, S. M., Bhattacharya, A., Ashiru-Oredope, D., Oliver, I., & Gobin, M. (2016). Impact of a United Kingdom-wide campaign to tackle antimicrobial resistance on self-reported knowledge and behaviour change. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 393.

Edgar, T., Boyd, S. D., & Palamé, M. J. (2009). Sustainability for behaviour change in the fight against antibiotic resistance: a social marketing framework. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 63(2), 230-237.

Eggleston, K., Zhang, R., & Zeckhauser, R. J. (2010). The global challenge of antimicrobial resistance: insights from economic analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(8), 3141-3149.

Lorencatto, F., Charani, E., Sevdalis, N., Tarrant, C., & Davey, P. (2018). Driving sustainable change in antimicrobial prescribing practice: how can social and behavioural sciences help?. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 73(10), 2613-2624.

Sikkens, J. J., Van Agtmael, M. A., Peters, E. J., Lettinga, K. D., Van Der Kuip, M., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C. M., ... & Kramer, M. H. (2017). Behavioral approach to appropriate antimicrobial prescribing in hospitals: the Dutch Unique Method for Antimicrobial Stewardship (DUMAS) participatory intervention study. JAMA internal medicine, 177(8), 1130-1138.

Food Safety and Security 

Anding, J. D., Boleman, C., & Thompson, B. (2007). Self‐Reported Changes in Food Safety Behaviors among Foodservice Employees: Impact of a Retail Food Safety Education Program. Journal of food science education, 6(4), 72-76.

Green, L. R. (2008). Direct from CDC Environmental Health Services Branch: Behavioral Science and Food Safety. Journal of environmental Health, 71(2), 47-49.

Jordan, J. L., & Elnagheeb, A. H. (1991). Public perceptions of food safety. Journal of Food Distribution Research, 22(856-2016-56695), 13-22.

Kennedy, J., Delaney, L., Hudson, E. M., McGloin, A., & Wall, P. G. (2010). Public perceptions of the dioxin incident in Irish pork. Journal of Risk Research, 13(7), 937-949.

Mitchell, R. E., Fraser, A. M., & Bearon, L. B. (2007). Preventing food-borne illness in food service establishments: Broadening the framework for intervention and research on safe food handling behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 17(1), 9-24.

Wu, C. W. (2015). Facebook users' intentions in risk communication and food-safety issues. Journal of Business Research, 68(11), 2242-2247.

Misinformation and Disinformation on Public Debate

Altay, S., de Araujo, E., & Mercier, H. (2020). “If this account is true, it is most enormously wonderful”: Interestingness-if-true and the sharing of true and false news.

Chen, X., Sin, S. C. J., Theng, Y. L., & Lee, C. S. (2015). Why students share misinformation on social media: Motivation, gender, and study-level differences. The journal of academic librarianship, 41(5), 583-592.

Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C. M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L., ... & Scala, A. (2020). The covid-19 social media infodemic. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.05004. (Also Under Pandemic Response) 

Depoux, A. et. al, The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak, Journal of Travel Medicine, Volume 27, Issue 3, April 2020

Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N. M., Payne, B. K., & Marsh, E. J. (2015). Knowledge does not protect against illusory truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(5), 993.

Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological science in the public interest, 13(3), 106-131.

Lorenz-Spreen, P., Lewandowsky, S., Sunstein, C. R., & Hertwig, R. (2020). How behavioural sciences can promote truth, autonomy and democratic discourse online. Nature Human Behaviour.

Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Zhang, Y., & Rand, D. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy nudge intervention. PsyArXiv Preprints, 10.

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019). Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(7), 2521-2526.

Pourghomi, P., Safieddine, F., Masri, W., & Dordevic, M. (2017, May). How to stop spread of misinformation on social media: Facebook plans vs. right-click authenticate approach. In 2017 International Conference on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS) (pp. 1-8). IEEE. (Delete, Keep?) 

Schwarz, N., Newman, E., & Leach, W. (2016). Making the truth stick & the myths fade: Lessons from cognitive psychology. Behavioral Science & Policy, 2(1), 85-95.

Shin, J., Jian, L., Driscoll, K., & Bar, F. (2018). The diffusion of misinformation on social media: Temporal pattern, message, and source. Computers in Human Behavior, 83, 278-287.

Tambuscio, M., Oliveira, D. F., Ciampaglia, G. L., & Ruffo, G. (2018). Network segregation in a model of misinformation and fact-checking. Journal of Computational Social Science, 1(2), 261-275.

Tucker, J. A., Guess, A., Barberá, P., Vaccari, C., Siegel, A., Sanovich, S., ... & Nyhan, B. (2018). Social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: A review of the scientific literature. Political polarization, and political disinformation: a review of the scientific literature (March 19, 2018). (Section 2c = producers of disinformation)

Zollo, F., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2018). Misinformation spreading on Facebook. In Complex Spreading Phenomena in Social Systems (pp. 177-196). Springer, Cham.

Section 3: Cross-Cutting Issues 

Systemic risk interactions, commonalities and differences

Individual/household differences in patterns of resistance 

Citizen Engagement

Devaney, L., Torney, D., Brereton, P., & Coleman, M. (2020). Ireland’s Citizens’ Assembly on Climate Change: Lessons for Deliberative Public Engagement and Communication. Environmental Communication, 14(2), 141-146.

Farrell, D. M., Suiter, J., & Harris, C. (2019). ‘Systematizing Constitutional deliberation: the 2016–18 citizens’ assembly in Ireland. Irish Political Studies, 34(1), 113-123.

Muradova, L., Walker, H., & Colli, F. (2020). Climate change communication and public engagement in interpersonal deliberative settings: evidence from the Irish citizens’ assembly. Climate Policy, 1-14.