Life satisfaction in 15 European countries

Fig 1. Countries used &
number of people.

One well-known finding in the wellbeing literature is that there is a U-shape over the lifecycle. In other words, young and old people report high levels of wellbeing but the middle-aged report the lowest wellbeing scores. I was thinking about this and wondered to what extent the U-shape varied by country, so I looked it up.

I used data from round 6 of the European Social Survey (2012), a randomized cross-sectional survey of people aged 15+ from many countries in Europe. The EES, which is free to access, has been conducted every 2 years since 2002. The 2012 edition contains data from 29 countries but I examined only 15 of these for my own arcane reasons (I couldn't fit them all in one graph). There are over 29,000 people in my sample and the frequency distribution by country is described in Figure 1.

The question I was interested in was "How satisfied are you with life as a whole?" ranked on a scale of 0 (extremely dissatisfied) to 10 (extremely satisfied). Among the 15 countries I examined, Denmark ranks first on this measure with an average score of 8.57 and four of the top five scoring countries are from Scandanavia, with Switzerland making up the other spot. The top five here are also the 5 highest-ranked European countries in the Legatum 2013 Prosperity Index, which measures prosperity via a mix of income and wellbeing measures.

The top five are followed by Netherlands, Germany, Britain and Poland who all report average scores over 7. Spain, Ireland, Italy and France are next with scores in the 6.4-6.8 range (I knew France had low wellbeing scores, which apparently motivated former President Sarkozy to set up the Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission a few years ago, but I'm a little surprised at how low Ireland is. A major recession will do that I suppose). Portugal and Russia are the two most dissatisfied countries.

Next I examined wellbeing at each decade in life from age 20 to 80. The below figure replicates the famous U-shape of wellbeing by using predicted probabilities of life-satisfaction after controlling for age and age squared. The Stata code I used to produce it is below. The outcome variable "ls" is life-satisfaction. The double ## symbol is a shortcut in Stata which tells it to calculate both the independent effects and interaction effects of the two variables either side of the hashtags - in other words it's the same as including separate variables for age and age squared. The "c." before the "age" variable informs Stata that it is a continuous variable. Looking at the regression again I'm now thinking I should have clustered the regression by country but since this is just for fun I'll let it slide.

Stata code
reg ls c.age##c.age
margins, at(age=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80))
marginsplot

Lastly, I wanted to see whether the U-shape varied by country. I used a very nice command created by Ben Jann called coefplot rather than marginsplot because the former has some nicer graphing options. In order to get all the different estimates in one graph, I ran the regression country-by-country, stored the estimates, and then combined them using coefplot. In the "coefplot" line of code, the command "vertical" recasts the graph along the vertical axis and "nooffset" forces all the data to be plotted on the same plane. The "recast" and "symbol" commands just specify aesthetic changes and "noci" suppresses confidence intervals. Switzerland and Spain are omitted from the below regressions because I forgot to include them.

Stata code
reg ls c.age##c.age if country == "Britain"
margins, at(age=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) post
estimates store BritainWB

reg ls c.age##c.age if country == "Denmark"
margins, at(age=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) post
estimates store DenmarkWB

... (repeat the above for all countries)

coefplot BritainWB DenmarkWB Finland WB FranceWB GermanyWB IrelandWB ItalyWB NetherlandsWB NorwayWB PolandWB PortugalWB RussiaWB SwedenWB, vertical nooffset recast(connected) noci symbol(point)

The U-shape seems most symmetrical in Germany, Britain, Ireland, Poland and to a lesser extent in Norway, Netherlands and France. There's more of a steady increase in Sweden which is relatively flat from age 20-40 and then rises steadily for each subsequent decade. Old people in Denmark seem to be the most satisfied people in Europe, possibly the world. The way the curve bends for old Danes makes me think there's probably some 100 year old in Copenhagen who reports a score of 11. Italy, Portugal and Russia are exceptions to the U-trend due to low levels of life-satisfaction in the 60-80 age range.

Update 6.11.14
Here is the Stata code I used to produce the above analysis (now with Spain & Switzerland included):

use "C:\File Location\ESS6e02.dta", clear
keep  idno cntry stflife  agea
rename idno id
rename cntry c
rename stflife ls
rename age a
drop if a > 90 | ls > 10 
drop if c == "AL" | c == "BE" | c == "BG" | c == "HR" | c == "CY" | c == "CZ" | c == "EE" | c == "HU" | c == "IL" | c == "IS" | c == "LT" | c == "SI" | c == "SK" | c == "UA" | c == "XK"

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "CH"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store Swiss

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "DE"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store Denmark

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "DK"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store Germany

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "ES"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store Spain

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "FI"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store Finland

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "FR"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store France

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "GB"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store GB

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "IE"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store Ireland

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "IT"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store Italy

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "NL"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store Netherlands

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "NO"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store Norway

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "PL"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store Poland

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "PT"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store Portugal

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "RU"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store Russia

reg ls c.a##c.a if c == "SE"
margins, at(a=(20 30 40 50 60 70 80)) vsquish post
estimates store Sweden

coefplot Denmark Germany Finland France GB Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Swiss, nooff vertical recast(connected) noci symbol(point)

This is part of a series of posts designed to highlight the usefulness of the margins command & various graphing capabilities in Stata. It draws on the 3rd edition of "Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables using Stata" by Long & Freese as a primary reference.