Uri Gneezy, John A List (2006)
Putting Behavioral Economics to Work: Testing for Gift Exchange in Labor Markets Using Field Experiments
Econometrica 74 (5), 1365–1384.
"Our field evidence suggests that worker effort in the first few hours on the job is considerably higher in the "gift" treatment than in the "nongift" treatment. After the initial few hours, however, no difference in outcomes is observed, and overall the gift treatment yielded inferior aggregate outcomes for the employer... With the same budget we would have ... raised more money ... using the market-clearing wage rather than by trying to induce greater effort with a gift of higher wages".
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